ABSTRACT The Sphenoid Sinus is considered the paranasal sinus with more variation to the degree of pneumatization. Thus, this work aimed report to the first case on the interference of this anatomical variation for orthognathic surgery. A 18- year-old woman, with isolated cleft palate repaired, was submitted to orthognathic surgery to correct the maxillomandibular skeletal discrepancy. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) exam performed for preoperative planning showed a great extension for the adjacent structures, with proximity to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and pterygomaxillary fissure bilaterally. The postoperative CBCT image evidenced the compromise of the sinus floor due to the factors related to the transoperative period. This case, along with literature review, highlighted the importance of identifying sphenoid sinus variation in CBCT exams prior to orthognathic surgery, in order to avoid serious complications for the patient, such as sinus infections; hemorrhages; mucocele formation or intracranial involvement.

RESUMO O Seio Esfenoidal é considerado o seio paranasal com maior variação quanto ao grau de pneumatização. Assim, este trabalho objetivou relatar o primeiro caso sobre a interferência dessa variação anatômica para a cirurgia ortognática. Mulher,18 anos, com fissura de palato isolada reparada, foi submetida à cirurgia ortognática para correção da discrepância esquelética maxilomandibular. O exame de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), realizado para planejamento pré-operatório, mostrou grande extensão para as estruturas adjacentes, e com proximidade da parede posterior do seio maxilar e fissura pterigomaxilar bilateralmente. A imagem de TCFC pós-operatória evidenciou o comprometimento do assoalho do seio devido aos fatores relacionados ao transoperatório. Este caso, juntamente com a revisão da literatura, destacou a importância de identificar a variação do seio esfenoidal nos exames de TCFC prévios à cirurgia ortognática, a fim de evitar complicações graves para o paciente, tais como sinusite, hemorragias, formação de mucoceles ou, até mesmo, envolvimento intracraniano.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of intraosseous anastomosis (AIO) between the posterior superior alveolar canal (CASP) and the anterior superior alveolar canal (CASA) in patients with cleft lip and palate, comparing the side affected by unilateral incisive trans-forame fissure (FLP) with the contralateral side not affected by fissure (NF). Material and method: A total of 1500 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (TCHC) were evaluated and, according to inclusion criteria, 95 TCHC were selected for analysis (52 men, 43 women, average age 27 years). The sample consisted of 1) patients with FLP on the right side and NF on the left side; and 2) patients with FLP on the left side and NF on the right side. The analysis was divided into 4 steps: 1) Intra and inter-rater calibration; 2) evaluating presence or absence of AIO anastomose between the CASP with CASA; 3) Location of the AIO anastomose between the CASP with CASA, as reference to the mesial aspect of each tooth (17/27), (16/26), (15/25) and (14/24); 4) Evaluated symmetry/asymmetry the localization of AIO, comparing them side with FLP, with the contralateral side NF. Results: The total prevalence of AIO was 67.9 %. The prevalence in FLP side was 71.6 %, and NF side was 64.2 % (Fisher's test > 0.35). The location of the AIO in the FLP side was more than prevalent in the areas of (15/25), (16/26) and on the NF side, it was in the area (14/24) (Chi-square test < 0.03). The AIO was 71.5% (Fisher's test > 0.03) asymmetric comparative of the FLP side with the contralateral NF. Conclusions: The prevalence of AIO was higher in FLP side (71.6 %) comparing the NF side (64.2 %). The location of AIO, in the FLP side was dislocated distally when compared with the contralateral side NF. The AIO was asymmetric in 71.5% of the cases. This information is relevant in surgical procedures that are performed in patients with cleft lip and palate, which aim to correct maxillomandibular discrepancies.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia y localización de la anastomosis intraósea (AIO) del conducto alveolar superior posterior (CASP) con el conducto alveolar superior anterior (CASA) en pacientes portadores de fisura labiopalatina, comparando el lado afectado por la fisura labiopalatina de tipo transforamen incisivo unilateral (FLP) con el contralateral no portador de fisura labiopalatina (NF). Material y método: Fueron evaluadas 1500 tomografías computadorizadas de haz cónico (TCHC) y de acuerdo con criterios de inclusión, 95 TCHC fueron seleccionadas para análisis (52 hombres, 43 mujeres, edad media 27 años). La muestra fue conformada por: 1) pacientes con FLP en el lado derecho y NF en el lado izquierdo; y 2) pacientes con FLP en el lado izquierdo y NF en el lado derecho. El análisis fue dividido en 4 etapas: 1) calibración intra e interexaminador; 2) evaluación de la presencia/ausencia de la AIO del CASP con CASA; 3) localización de la AIO del CASP con CASA, tomando como referencia las caras mesiales de los dientes (17/27), (16/26), (15/5) y (14/24); y 4) comparar la simetría/asimetría de localización comparando el lado portador de FLP con el contralateral NF. Resultados: La prevalencia total de la AIO fue de 67,9 %. La prevalencia de la AIO en el lado portador de FLP fue 71,6 % y en el lado NF fue 64,2 % (Test de Fisher > 0,35). La localización de la AIO en el lado portador de FLP fue más prevalente en las áreas (15/25), (16/26) y en el lado NF fue en el área (14/24) (Test Chi-cuadrado < 0.03). La AIO es asimétrico en el 71,5 % (Test de Fisher < 0.03), cuando se compara el lado FLP con el contralateral NF. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la AIO fue mayor en el lado portador de FLP (71,6 %) comparado con el lado NF (64,2 %). La localización de AIO en el lado portador de FLP fue dislocado hacia distal a diferencia de su contralateral NF. La AIO fue asimétrica en 71,5 % de los casos. Esta información es relevante en procedimientos quirúrgicos que son realizados en pacientes con fisuras labiopalatinas, que tienen por objetivo corregir las discrepancias maxilomandibulares.

ABSTRACT: Florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) is an extensive form of osseous dysplasia where normal trabecular bone is substituted by fibrous connective tissue and amorphous mineralized tissue. Usually, the lesions are mainly asymptomatic and the patients should be followed with clinical and imaging examination, requiring no intervention. Nevertheless, due to the poor vascularization of the lesion and local trauma, secondary infections and osteomyelitis may occur. Patients may present with pain, mucosal ulceration, and lesion exposure in the oral cavity, fistula and swelling. In such cases, correct diagnosis and management of the lesion is decisive to reestablish patient’s health and quality of life. The aim of this article is to present a case of complicating secondary chronic osteomyelitis treated successfully with conservative intervention. A 68-year-old black female patient reported a “swelling of the gums” that was present for eleven years, with episodes of periodic pain and swelling. On physical examination, a papule with suppuration in the alveolar mucosa in the right side of the mandible was observed. Panoramic radiography and CBCT showed a mixed lesion surrounded by sclerotic bone. The patient was diagnosed with chronic osteomyelitis in association with FOD and treated with antibiotic therapy together with surgical curettage. The incidence, etiophatology, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of secondary osteomyelitis associated with FOD are discussed in the light of literature. This information might assist the dentists while choosing the best treatment options for similar cases.

RESUMEN: La displasia ósea florida (DOF) es una forma de displasia del tejido óseo donde el hueso trabecular normal es sustituido por tejido conectivo fibroso y por tejido mineralizado amorfo. En general, las lesiones son de origen asintomático y los pacientes deben ser controlados con exámenes clínicos. Sin embargo, debido a la vascularización deficiente de la lesión y el trauma local, pueden ocurrir lesiones secundarias y osteomielitis. Los pacientes pueden presentar dolor, ulceración de la mucosa, lesión expuesta en la cavidad oral, fístula y edema. En estos casos, el diagnóstico adecuado y el tratamiento de la lesión es decisivo para estabilizar la salud y la calidad de la vida. El objetivo de este artículo fue presentar un caso de complicación secundaria crónica de la osteomielitis tratada con tratamiento conservador. Una paciente de 68 años de edad, negra, informa de "hinchazón de las encías" que presentaba durante once años, con episodios de dolor. En el examen intra-oral se observó una pápula con supuración en la mucosa alveolar del lado derecho de la mandíbula. Además de la radiografía panorámica y tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) se tomaron muestras de la lesión debido a observación de hueso esclerótico. El paciente fue diagnosticado con una infección por osteomielitis en asociación con DOF y fue tratada con antibióticos, además de una cirugía curativa. En este artículo se presentaron la incidencia, el diagnóstico diferencial, el tratamiento y la prevención de los efectos secundarios de osteomielitis asociados con el DOF. La información de este trabajo podría ayudar a los dentistas en la aplicación del tratamiento indicado en casos similares.

This paper presents the treatment protocol of maxillofacial surgery in the rehabilitation process of cleft lip and palate patients adopted at HRAC-USP. Maxillofacial surgeons are responsible for the accomplishment of two main procedures, alveolar bone graft surgery and orthognathic surgery. The primary objective of alveolar bone graft is to provide bone tissue for the cleft site and then allow orthodontic movements for the establishment of an an adequate occlusion. When performed before the eruption of the maxillary permanent canine, it presents high rates of success. Orthognathic surgery aims at correcting maxillomandibular discrepancies, especially anteroposterior maxillary deficiencies, commonly observed in cleft lip and palate patients, for the achievement of a functional occlusion combined with a balanced face.

The aim of this article is to present the pediatric dentistry and orthodontic treatment protocol of rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients performed at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Pediatric dentistry provides oral health information and should be able to follow the child with cleft lip and palate since the first months of life until establishment of the mixed dentition, craniofacial growth and dentition development. Orthodontic intervention starts in the mixed dentition, at 8-9 years of age, for preparing the maxillary arch for secondary bone graft procedure (SBGP). At this stage, rapid maxillary expansion is performed and a fixed palatal retainer is delivered before SBGP. When the permanent dentition is completed, comprehensive orthodontic treatment is initiated aiming tooth alignment and space closure. Maxillary permanent canines are commonly moved mesially in order to substitute absent maxillary lateral incisors. Patients with complete cleft lip and palate and poor midface growth will require orthognatic surgery for reaching adequate anteroposterior interarch relationship and good facial esthetics.

Cleft lip and palate is the most common among craniofacial malformations and causes several esthetic and functional implications that require rehabilitation. This paper aims to generally describe the several aspects related to this complex pathology and the treatment protocol used by the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP) along 40 years of experience in the treatment of individuals with cleft lip and palate.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a reprodutibilidade dos valores de "pixels" obtidos com o sistema Digora (Soredex, Finlândia). As exposições foram padronizadas, com variação no tempo de exposição e leitura de duas placas de fósforo fotoestimuláveis contendo a imagem de um penetrômetro. A menor variação nos valores de "pixels" foi de 50 a 75%, sendo as maiores variações oriundas nas faixas mais claras. Uma diferença significante nos valores de "pixels" foi observada em relação ao tempo de exposição e leitura das placas e entre as duas placas (ANOVA, p < 0,01). Utilizando a presente metodologia, a reprodutibilidade dos valores de "pixels" das placas testadas do sistema Digora não foi satisfatória. Essa grande variação na digitalização pode ter sido influenciada pela quantidade de Raios X que sensibilizou as placas. Isso pode ser importante para estabelecer a reprodutibilidade dos valores de "pixels" em estudos quantitativos usando imagem digital.

The objective of the present study was to determine the reproducibility of the pixel values obtained with the Digora system (Soredex, Finland). Exposures were standardized, with variation in exposure and scanning time of two photostimulable phosphor plates containing a stepwedge image. The smallest variation in pixel values ranged from 50 to 75%, with the widest variations being observed in less dense steps. A significant difference in pixel values was observed in terms of X-ray exposure and scanning times and between the two plates themselves (ANOVA, p < 0.01). Using the present methodology, the reproducibility of pixel values was not satisfactory for the tested white photostimulable plates. This wide variation in digitalization might be influenced by the amount of X-rays that sensitized the plates. It may be important to establish the reproducibility of the pixel values in quantitative studies using digital image.